The morning after: What Iowa has to say now
On Monday I got an email from the University of Iowa telling me that Barack Obama had a 75% chance of winning the Democratic nomination; Hillary Clinton was at 21%. I'm guessing I'm not the only business reporter out there who is most comfortable processing the horse race elements of national politics through Iowa's prediction markets—run by professors at the Henry B. Tippie College of Business—which let people buy and sell futures contracts pegged to each candidate's chances of winning. Ah, market forces. Hello, comfort zone.
I checked back in this morning to see where things stand post-Pennsylvania. As of 10 a.m. Central time, an Obama contract was trading at 78.9 cents (indicating a 78.9% chance of winning the nom), and Clinton was at 18.2 cents. Now, Clinton did win Pennsylvania, so I could make some snide comment about the extent to which PA votes matter, but being Pittsburghian by birth, I'll instead take this as evidence that the commentators singing the song about how Clinton is still in it but with a hard road ahead are getting it right.
I should also say that even though the Iowa markets have a terrific track record—a recent study showed them besting polls 74% of the time—they are still markets. The thousand or so people actively trading can make money by being right, or by buying low and selling high irrespective of the underlying value of the contracts. Hence the little arbitrage game that keeps John Edwards contracts selling at 1/10th of 1 cent.
Here's a look at how things have unfolded over the past year:
DROF_NOM means "Democratic Rest of Field." Those are the people hoping for an Al Gore write-in campaign or somesuch—that contract shot up to 6 cents the day after our very own Joe Klein suggested that Gore might be the answer.
The other interesting chart is the one that shows predictions on whether the Democratic or Republican nominee will win the general election. The never-ending Democratic nomination battle has helped John McCain, but blue is still in the lead. (You have to link to this one, by clicking on the chart):
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the little arbitrage game that keeps John Edwards contracts selling at 1/10th of 1 cent
Barbara, a nit pick, but there's no arbitrage here. Arbitrage is defined as a strategy with some chance of profit but no chance of loss. The bid for Edwards may just reflect that people think there is a remote but nonzero probability (0.1%) that (metaphorical) lightning will strike Obama and Clinton so that Edwards could win. Or it may reflect some technical aspect of the market (e.g. maybe shorts will pay up 0.1 cents to cover to free up capital even if they think there is literally zero chance of a payoff).
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Did you see Meckler in the Journal yesterday on McCain's economic "plan"? Lots of good stuff. Check out the bit at the end. Apparently the McCain campaign doesn't believe in time value of money:
His campaign also says there is no cost to a proposal regarding the tax treatment of capital expenses. Outside experts put the cost at tens of billions of dollars a year.
Under that plan, the federal government would take an upfront tax hit and be forced to pay additional interest on a larger national debt, said Ronald Pearlman, a tax professor at Georgetown Law Center and assistant secretary for tax policy under President Reagan.
To say there is no cost to the government is "so intellectually dishonest it's outrageous," Mr. Pearlman said. Mr. Bounds, the McCain spokesman, responded: "Clearly there is a difference of opinion here."
Some people think a dollar today is worth more than a dollar years from now, some people don't. Some people believe tax cuts reduce revenue, some people don't. Some people think the Earth is round, some people don't. It's all just a "difference of opinion".
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Thanks, Crust. You're absolutely right. "Arbitrage" is a neat-sounding word, but that doesn't mean I know how to use it!
When I called the folks at the Iowa Electronic Markets (IEM) earlier today I asked about those Edwards contracts. Tom Snee, who runs communications, explained that there are two ways a person can start trading at the IEM -- either by buying contracts in the open market, or by getting them from the IEM directly. If you go to the IEM, you get a bundle of contracts for a certain price, and that includes ones representing Edwards.
I asked why the IEM didn't stop handing out Edwards contracts when he dropped out of the race, and Snee said that they could, but people are still trading them, so they let them be.
If you go to the historical data section on the IEM's web site (http://iemweb.biz.uiowa.edu/pricehistory/PriceHistory_GetData.cfm), you can see that on April 18, people had a chance to buy an Edwards contract at one-tenth of a penny and sell it for two-tenths of a penny. If you had bought on March 23 at one-tenth of a penny, you could have really made some dough by selling on March 25 for THREE-tenths of a penny. It's all very similar to CDO trading.
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Barbara, since I seem to be in a nit-picking mood (though see also my more substantive, but off-topic comments on McCain's voodoo economics), note that these data represent trade prices, not quotes. As you know, a quote consists of a bid price and an offer price: the bid is the price at which one can sell and the offer is the (higher) price at which one can buy at any point of time.
So while it's true that somebody bought at 0.1 on April 18 and somebody (most likely somebody else) sold at 0.2, that doesn't necessarily mean that any one market participant could have traded at both prices. (It's quite likely the quote was 0.1 bid, 0.2 offer all day long.)
By the way, it's not entirely obvious to me that 0.1 or 0.3 are too high. 0.1% and 0.3% are pretty low probabilities. While highly unlikely, it's not impossible to imagine a scenario where something crazy happens in the campaign, Edwards jumps back in and ends up as the nominee.
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Polite nit-picking is always welcome. We'll dub it "conversation."
Let me continue that conversation. If there was one trade at one-tenth of a penny, and another trade at two-tenths of a penny, why couldn't a single person, theoretically, have bought at one-tenth and sold at two-tenths? Say a new person comes into the market and unloads their Edwardes. I buy them at one-tenth and then later sell them for two-tenths to someone who remembers March 25, when they went as high as three.
I do understand that there are scenarios in which this might not have been possible. Say there were only two trades that day. The two-tenths trade happened at 10 a.m., while the one-tenth trade occurred at 2 p.m. But since Edwards contracts changed hands 281 times that day, don't you think it would have likely been possible to flip an Edwards and make a tenth of a penny?
And I know I've ignored your valiant efforts to engage me in a conversation about voodoo economics. To be frank, I'm more than a tad outmatched by Justin on such topics. You might as well ask me about Dutch pop culture. I think I'll let him pick up the good fight next week when he returns.
As for imagining a scenario where Edwards jumps back in and ends up as the nominee, I double dare you to float that idea on Swampland. And if Edwards does get the Democratic nom, I'll buy you dinner at Per Se.
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By the way, I did call the IEM back: they keep individual trade data confidential. So whether or not anyone actually did buy at one-tenth and sell at two-tenths will have to remain a mystery.
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Ok, the best way to think of what is happening is in terms of a sports metaphor. Now, Ms. Clinton at the beginning of this contest was the undisputed champion, and if I remember correctly, was just going through the motions to win a commanding nomination. Oops. Well, like any underdog team that unexpectedly scores a whole bunch of points early in the game, it starts to become inevitable as the game progresses and the teams just exchange scores, that the underdog is going to win. It may be painful to the Clinton faithful, but the loss IS coming (short of Obama being linked to al Queda). The sad part about it is that she cannot see it, most likely because she never played sports.
So, even though Clinton "won" PA, the clock is ticking, and she is NOT gaining. All that can happen now is to she how go a sport she is (I have a feeling she will not be gracious).
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